#6 - Ozempic and Beyond: Changing Tides in Health, Society, and Industry Artwork

The Gustavo Franco Podcast

A curious student's journey exploring the intersections of medicine, business, and public health.

The Gustavo Franco Podcast

#6 - Ozempic and Beyond: Changing Tides in Health, Society, and Industry

December 27, 2023 • Gustavo Franco • Episode 6

Join us on "The Gustavo Franco Podcast" for a riveting exploration of Ozempic and other GLP-1 drugs, which are reshaping more than just diabetes and obesity treatment. This episode ventures beyond healthcare, revealing the profound impact of these drugs on society, economy, and even fashion and fast food industries. Engage with us as we unravel the ethical debates and lifestyle transformations stemming from this pharmaceutical phenomenon. Don't miss the chance to discover the extensive influence of Ozempic and GLP-1 drugs in an episode packed with intriguing and insightful discussions.

Researched and produced by Brian Li.

Timestamps:

(00:00:00) - Channel Intro

(00:02:00) - Episode Introduction

(00:04:41) - GLP-1 Drugs

(00:07:16) - Biology

(00:09:39) - Pharmaceutical Development

(00:15:17) - Rise to Fame

(00:18:19) - Growth of Industry

(00:20:14) - Ozempic’s Dual Use

(00:22:02) - Wegovy for Obesity

(00:24:10) - Introducing Zepbound

(00:25:23) - Off-Label Use

(00:27:10) - Accessibility and Inequality

(00:29:02) - Employer and Government Initiatives to Improve Access

(00:31:08) - Impact on Industry: Fast Food, Fashion, Air Travel

(00:40:28) - Obesity Spending

(00:42:44) - Economic Implications in Healthcare

(00:44:56) - Medical Technology and Dieting Industries

(00:48:03) - Healthcare System: Good or Bad?

(00:50:31) - Health Paradigm Shift

(00:52:43) - Exacerbating Social Inequalities

(00:54:05) - Ethical Considerations: Root Causes, Dependency, Side Effects, Long Term Risks, Children, Consent, Autonomy, Marketing

(01:04:47) - Addiction Potential

(01:06:55) - Conclusion

(01:09:10) - Outro

Linktree: linktr.ee/gustavofrancopod

Ozempic and Beyond: Changing Tides in Health, Society, and Industry

Introduction

Welcome to a new episode of the Gustavo Franco Podcast. Today, we delve into a topic that's creating ripples across the healthcare landscape and beyond – the world of GLP-1 agonists, with a spotlight on Ozempic. Semaglutide, commercially known as Ozempic, was introduced by Novo Nordisk in the United States market in 2017, marking a significant breakthrough in diabetes management.
Ozempic represents the duality of modern pharmacology. Originally formulated for diabetes management, its lower dose effectively regulates blood sugar by mimicking the GLP-1 hormone. Yet, in a twist of fate, its kin, like Wegovy, have risen to fame for their higher doses designed specifically for weight loss by curbing appetite.
What sets Ozempic apart is its administration – a convenient weekly injection that contrasts sharply with the daily regimen typical of traditional diabetes medications. This ease of use has not only improved patient compliance but has opened new doors in treating obesity and associated health conditions like coronary heart disease, stroke, and diabetes
But there's more to this story. The rise of drugs like Ozempic has sparked a debate. While they offer significant health benefits, there's a growing concern about a potential counter-effect. Could reliance on such medications lead to a complacency in lifestyle choices? Are we risking a scenario where individuals continue unhealthy eating habits, relying on a drug to manage their weight, thus undermining the broader benefits of a healthy lifestyle?
The economic implications are vast and varied. We'll explore how the weight loss effects of these drugs could lead to cost savings in industries like aviation through reduced fuel consumption, and potentially impact sectors like fast food, reflecting the diverse economic effects of weight management initiatives
The complexities only increase as we’ll shift to today's healthcare industry. How do insurance companies view these drugs? Are we witnessing a shift in perspective, from short-term cost considerations to recognizing the long-term health benefits? Could upcoming legislative changes redefine the landscape of medical insurance and drug coverage?
As we set the stage for an in-depth discussion, we'll examine the multifaceted impact of Ozempic and its GLP-1 counterparts on healthcare, society, and the economy. Join me as we navigate this complex and evolving terrain, understanding the broader implications of these groundbreaking medications.

Segment 2: Background of GLP-1 Drugs

Clear misconception - GLP-1 drugs for weight loss

So, let's start with the basics. You might have heard names like Ozempic, Wegovy, Saxenda, or even Rybelsus being thrown around in conversations, on TV, or in your social media feeds. They're all part of a family of drugs known as GLP-1 receptor agonists. Now, these aren't just any ordinary medications; they're like the Swiss Army knives of the pharmaceutical world. But there's a bit of a mix-up that we need to clear up first.
Many folks lump all these drugs together under one name – Ozempic. And I’m sure you have heard all of the fame behind Ozempic. But hold on, that's not quite right. Let me explain. The drug semaglutide, under the brand name Ozempic, made a grand entry primarily for managing Type 2 diabetes. It's like the superstar of blood sugar control. But, here's where things get interesting – this type of drug also found a place in the world of weight loss, although that was not its main gig.
But Ozempic isn't the only player in town. There's a whole lineup of GLP-1 drugs, each with its unique role. Take Wegovy, for instance, also based on semaglutide, but it's the go-to guy specifically for weight loss. It's like having a specialized agent for a particular mission.
Then, there's Saxenda, or liraglutide, another ace up our sleeve. Saxenda steps into the ring of weight loss, helping people regulate their appetite and maintain their hard-earned weight loss victories.
And we can't forget about Rybelsus, the oral version of semaglutide, making strides in controlling blood sugar for those battling Type 2 diabetes. It's like the convenient sidekick in this saga.
Last but not least, let's welcome Mounjaro, or tirzepatide. It's the new challenger, fighting on two fronts – weight loss and Type 2 diabetes management. Talk about versatility
So, as we move forward in our series, we'll be talking about all these incredible GLP-1 drugs. I just wanted to make sure from the beginning that we all know that these drugs are not all weight loss drugs, and they are not all the same. Some are for diabetes, some for weight loss, some for both. Through this episode, we're not just focusing on one player; we're looking at the whole league. From diabetes management to weight loss, these drugs are making waves in healthcare, and we're here to explore every ripple.

Biology of GLP-1 drugs and mechanism of action

But how do these medical marvels work? What's the science behind them? Let's zoom in on the biology of GLP-1 drugs and unravel their mechanism of action. It's time to put on our lab coats and dive into the world of hormones and metabolism.
Imagine a hormone in your body that's a master regulator of your blood sugar levels. That's Glucagon-Like Peptide-1, or GLP-1 for short. Now, here's where our star drugs come into play. GLP-1 drugs are like the body's impersonators – they mimic this natural hormone to help keep our blood sugar in check. It's like having a stunt double doing all the hard work!
Let's break it down further. You've had a meal, and your blood sugar starts to rise. Normally, your pancreas jumps into action, releasing insulin to help your cells absorb and utilize this glucose. But with GLP-1 drugs, this process gets a supercharge. They push the pancreas to release even more insulin, ensuring that every bit of that blood sugar is put to good use. Think of it as turbocharging your body's natural response to a meal.
But wait, there's more to these drugs than just playing with insulin. They have a secret weapon in the fight against weight gain: slowing down gastric emptying. In simpler terms, food travels slower through your digestive tract. The result? You feel full for longer, your appetite takes a backseat, and you end up eating less. People describe it as having the constant “food noise” in your head suddenly disappear. It's like having a natural brake system in your stomach, helping you say no to that extra slice of cake!
Research has shown that GLP-1s are the most effective medications for long-term, sustained weight loss. They work by acting on your body’s 'set point' - or the weight your body naturally fights to maintain. They regulate not just your blood sugar response but also your overall metabolic function, making you feel fuller for longer. It's a full-circle approach to managing your weight and improving metabolic health.
So, there you have it – the biology of GLP-1 drugs in a nutshell. They're not just about managing diabetes; they're reshaping the way we think about weight loss and appetite control. It's a fascinating blend of endocrinology and pharmacology.

Pharmaceutical development journey

Now let’s talk history! As we delve further into the world of GLP-1 drugs, we’ll take a step back to understand their fascinating journey from discovery to the groundbreaking treatments we see today.
Our story begins in the mid to late 20th century, a pivotal era in diabetes research. Scientists discovered that certain intestinal extracts could lower blood glucose levels, sparking interest in the incretin hormones. These are gut-derived peptide hormones that are released in response to meal. The first incretin, GIP, was identified in the 1970s, and soon after, a pivotal discovery was made – the glucagon-like peptide-1, or GLP-1.
By the 1980s, researchers unraveled the complexities of the proglucagon gene. It's fascinating to note that proglucagon isn't just one big component – it's a larger gene that creates a series of substances that perform various roles in our body. Among these substances is GLP-1, a key player primarily released in our intestines.
Now, let's fast-forward to 2005. This year marked a milestone with the FDA approval of Exendin-4, also known as Exenatide or Byetta, the world's first GLP-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) for the adjuvant treatment of type 2 diabetes. But why did it take nearly two decades from the discovery of GLP-1 to the development of Exenatide? The answer lies in the intricate process of understanding and harnessing this hormone's potential, alongside technological advancements and rigorous clinical trials.
While Exenatide was a breakthrough, it didn't quite capture the market like modern GLP-1 drugs. The need for twice-daily injections was a significant limitation. This spurred further innovation, leading to the development of more convenient formulations.
In 2010, Novo Nordisk's Liraglutide, branded as Victoza, received FDA approval, offering a once-daily injection option. But the real game-changer came in 2014 with the introduction of Dulaglutide by Lilly. Administered just once a week, Dulaglutide simplified the treatment regimen significantly and quickly rose to prominence in the GLP-1 market.
2017 was another landmark year. Novo Nordisk launched Semaglutide, the one we all talk about, known as Ozempic, with an extended half-life allowing for once-a-week dosing. This was followed by the 2019 approval of Rybelsus, the first oral GLP-1 analog treatment, marking a significant step in enhancing patient convenience and adherence.
Fast forward to 2022, and we witness the advent of Eli Lilly's Tirzepatide. This novel dual GLP-1RA/GIPR agonist not only activates GLP-1 receptors but also GIP receptors. Remember, that first incretin hormone that was identified in the 1970s! This offers a more comprehensive approach to managing blood glucose and body weight. This drug was just recently FDA approved for weight loss under brand name Zepbound, and its clinical trials showed it to be the most effective weight loss drug in the market so far.
So, what started as a curious observation in intestinal extracts has blossomed into a revolutionary class of drugs, reshaping diabetes treatment and opening new avenues in weight management.

End of Introduction to GLP-1 Drugs

As we wrap up our introduction to the fascinating world of GLP-1 drugs, it's crucial to recognize the diverse landscape these medications have created.
The journey of GLP-1 agonists has culminated in a diverse array of treatments. Once again, I want to emphasize that often, 'Ozempic,' becomes a blanket term used to refer to various GLP-1 drugs. It's important to clarify that Ozempic, specifically designed for diabetes management, is just one piece of a much larger puzzle.
The realm of GLP-1 agonists is rich and varied. These drugs come in different forms – from injectables to oral tablets – offering flexibility and catering to individual needs and preferences. Their dosages vary, and so do their combinations. A prime example is Tirzepatide, a novel drug that not only acts as a GLP-1 agonist but also targets the GIP hormone, enhancing its effectiveness in both diabetes management and weight loss.
Each GLP-1 drug is crafted with a specific purpose and target audience in mind. While some are tailored for weight loss in adults, others, like Liraglutide, are indicated for children as young as 12 years old, marking a significant expansion in the treatment options available for younger populations.
This diversity signifies a major shift in how we approach diseases like diabetes and obesity. It's not a one-size-fits-all scenario anymore. Physicians now have a broader toolkit, enabling them to prescribe treatments that align closely with their patients' unique health profiles and lifestyle needs. But what else could this bring? What if people rely on these drugs instead of making any improvements to their lifestyle choices?
As we delve deeper into this series, we'll explore the nuances of these drugs, the remarkable ways in which they can shape healthcare, and the many points of debate, which highlight potential dangers of these drugs.

Segment 3: GLP-1 Drugs Rise to Popularity

Analyzing the factors that led to GLP-1 drugs’ surge in popularity

We’ll begin by unraveling the factors behind the meteoric rise of these remarkable medications.
It all began with a tweet on October 1, 2022. Elon Musk, a name synonymous with groundbreaking innovation and constant controversy, casually revealed his use of Wegovy, a GLP-1 drug, combined with fasting as his method for weight loss, which he claimed saw him lose 30 pounds. This single endorsement by likely the world's most influential figure, significantly amplified public awareness and interest in GLP-1 drugs.
Suddenly, forums, discussion boards, and news outlets were abuzz with conversations about GLP-1 drugs. People who had never considered pharmacological interventions for weight loss started to explore these options. Musk's tweet not only highlighted the drug's effectiveness but also broke down stigmas associated with weight loss medications.
Media influence and changing public perceptions
- But Musk's revelation was just the tip of the iceberg. A general frustration with traditional weight loss methods was already brewing. Countless individuals found these methods too restrictive and often ineffective. GLP-1 drugs, like Wegovy, offered a more manageable and less restrictive approach to weight loss, becoming an appealing alternative for those struggling with conventional diets and exercise regimes.
- Even major players in the weight loss industry, such as WeightWatchers, recognized the potential of GLP-1 drugs as the future of weight management. But beyond the industry's recognition, it was the media and public perceptions that truly propelled these drugs to fame.
- Online mentions of celebrities taking GLP-1 drugs for weight loss became commonplace. Television producer and host Andy Cohen, for example, tweeted on September 22, 2022 the noticeable weight loss in people using Ozempic, saying "Everyone is suddenly showing up 25 pounds lighter. What happens when they stop taking #Ozempic ?????" sparking widespread conversations.
- And it wasn't just public forums. In private circles, especially in the entertainment industry, encrypted apps like Signal ran rampant with endorsements of GLP-1 drugs like Ozempic and Wegovy. These private conversations among industry insiders created an underground buzz, adding fuel to the fire of this new obsession.
- Still, the most viral impact perhaps was seen on platforms like TikTok. Users shared their experiences and results using hashtags like 'MyOzempicJourney,' featuring personal weight loss stories, tips, and striking before-and-after comparisons. This viral trend not only increased awareness but also contributed to the appeal of GLP-1 drugs among younger audiences, namely Gen Z.
- However, we must approach these shared experiences with caution, as they may not always be medically accurate and can vary significantly from person to person.

Growth of the industry

Still, the growth of the GLP-1 drug industry has been nothing short of phenomenal. Since the birth of the industry in 2005 which primarily targeted diabetes, the gradual realization of their potential in weight loss paired with the growing focus on preventative healthcare due to rising costs of chronic health conditions set the stage for an industry boom.
In early August 2023, the trailblazing Novo Nordisk which created Ozempic and Wegovy, saw its market capitalization surpass the entire GDP of Denmark, with $423 billion vs $352 billion, highlighting the immense economic impact of these drugs.
The anti-obesity drug market, once a relatively modest sector, has skyrocketed. From a valuation of $6 billion earlier this year, it's now projected to reach a staggering $100 billion by 2030. Analysts from Goldman Sachs estimate that approximately 15 million American adults could be taking anti-obesity medication in the coming decade.” This isn’t just a trend propped up by aggressive marketing tactics, but truly represents a fundamental shift in how society and the medical community perceive and tackle obesity. No longer just a lifestyle issue, obesity is now recognized as a complex, multifaceted condition that requires a comprehensive approach, including medical intervention.
As we move forward, we'll dive deeper into the implications of this surge in popularity, not just in healthcare but across various sectors of society. Stay with us as we continue to explore the multifaceted world of GLP-1 drugs and their impact on our lives.

Segment 4: Prescription Patterns Today

In our last segment, we delved into the rising popularity of GLP-1 drugs. Now, we’ll turn our focus to how these drugs are being prescribed in the real world. We'll uncover the nuances behind the labels and explore the reasons behind their expanding use, both within and beyond their original intended purposes.

Ozempic's Dual Usage

Let's start with Ozempic, a household name in the world of GLP-1 drugs. Initially celebrated for its effectiveness in Type 2 diabetes management, Ozempic's journey didn't stop there. It quickly gained a reputation among both patients and healthcare providers for its weight loss benefits, causing the narrative around Ozempic to start to shift. The real turning point came with the publication of clinical studies that underscored Ozempic's effectiveness in weight management. Patients on Ozempic not only saw improvements in their blood sugar levels but also experienced substantial weight reduction. These findings sparked a surge in off-label use of Ozempic for weight loss, especially among those who had found little success with traditional diet and exercise regimens or other weight loss medications. This dual usage of Ozempic reflects a growing trend in medicine – repurposing drugs to extend their therapeutic benefits; in Ozempic's case, it transitioned from a diabetes drug to a 'magic weight loss drug,' gaining popularity among individuals seeking effective obesity management solutions, offering new hope and solutions to patients with complex health needs. However, off-label usage of any drug raises a whole array of new issues namely access, which we will cover later.

Wegovy's Targeted Approval

Unlike Ozempic, Wegovy entered the market with a clear target: obesity. Despite also consisting of semaglutide, Wegovy was specifically developed and approved for weight loss in individuals who are obese or overweight and grappling with related health conditions, such as high blood pressure, Type 2 diabetes, or high cholesterol. This targeted approach was a calculated move by Novo Nordisk, signaling a deeper understanding of obesity as a complex, multifaceted health issue requiring specialized treatment.
The approval of Wegovy by the FDA in June 2021 was more than just another drug entering the market; it was a defining moment in the GLP-1 drug history. For the first time, a drug in this class was explicitly recognized for its ability to tackle obesity directly, not as a secondary effect of diabetes management. This move was backed by robust clinical trials demonstrating significant weight loss in participants, further solidifying its role in obesity treatment.
Wegovy's entrance into the market did more than just provide a new option for those struggling with obesity; it fundamentally altered the perception of GLP-1 drugs both within the medical community and the public sphere. Healthcare providers began to view GLP-1 drugs not just as a means to manage diabetes but as a crucial element in the broader battle against obesity. This shift was profound, with implications for prescribing patterns, insurance coverage, and patient expectations.
The impact of Wegovy on the public's perception of weight management was just as transformative. The drug was approved when obesity started being recognized as a complex disease influenced by a multitude of factors, including genetics, environment, and metabolic health. In this context, Wegovy offered a ray of hope, a scientifically backed solution that went beyond diet and exercise.

Introduction of Zepbound

As we reach the present, we welcome Zepbound, the newest member of the GLP-1 drug family. Zepbound's FDA approval on November 8th is a game-changer. It signals a growing recognition of obesity as a multifaceted health issue, requiring a nuanced and comprehensive treatment approach. This drug offers hope to a broader spectrum of individuals struggling with obesity, especially those for whom traditional methods have fallen short. Eli Lilly has also given Zepbound a list price of $1,059.87, which is 20% lower than Wegovy’s list price of $1349, increasing its reach and allowing more people with obesity to access it.
All of these factors are why healthcare professionals are keenly observing Zepbound's potential impact in the near future. According to endocrinologists and obesity experts, Zepbound could be a pivotal tool in combating the obesity epidemic. Its efficacy, combined with a favorable safety profile, makes it a compelling option for long-term weight management among a sea of new drugs vying for pole position.

Profiling Typical Users and Exploring Reasons for Off-Label Use

Let’s go back to the time where these drugs weren’t yet prescribed for weight loss and define off-label use. When a GLP-1 drug approved for diabetes (Ozempic) is used for weight loss, it is considered off-label usage, unless the drug also has specific approval for obesity treatment.
Despite the wide variety of GLP agonists emerging for different purposes, there's been a noticeable trend of patients seeking them out, specifically for weight loss. This phenomenon has extended beyond the borders of the United States, with patients traveling to other countries, namely Canada and Mexico, in search of these drugs
In Mexico, the cost of anti-obesity medications are a fraction of what they are in America and are much easier to access. Many hospitals, diabetes clinics, and medical centers have begun offering these drugs on a regular basis.
Even though medical tourism is not a new concept for Americans, social media sites like Reddit and TikTok have embraced this as a method to cheaply obtain GLP-1 agonists when they aren’t covered by health insurance.
In 2022, 9% of Ozempic prescriptions in Canada’s British Columbia province were for US citizens, a figure 22 times higher than the prescriptions of all drugs filled for US citizens.
The prescription patterns of GLP-1 drugs are a dynamic and evolving aspect of modern healthcare. These drugs, originally designed for specific conditions, are now playing multiple roles, addressing a wider range of health issues, but this is unfortunately no guarantee of accessibility, which we will dive into next.

Segment 5: Accessibility and Inequality

We've seen the remarkable potential of these drugs, but now we must confront a challenging question – who really has access to them?

Ozempic's Cost: A Barrier to Equal Access

We know Ozempic, Wegovy, and Zepbound each have incredible potential to manage diabetes and obesity. However, their high costs, with list prices ranging from $1,000 to $1,500 per month, raise significant concerns about accessibility. For many, these prices are simply out of reach, creating a disparity in who can benefit from these groundbreaking treatments.

Insurance Coverage: A Struggle between Short-term Costs and Long-term Benefits

Insurance companies, which play a significant role in the affordability of healthcare, will be heavily scrutinized with the rise of these anti-obesity drugs.
The reluctance of many insurance companies to cover these drugs adds another layer to the issue. Insurers often hesitate to cover GLP-1 drugs despite their effectiveness, partly due to their high costs and partly because of traditional views on obesity management, which have historically leaned more towards lifestyle changes rather than pharmaceutical interventions.
In the short term, covering these drugs might seem like a costly endeavor for insurance companies. However, we, and they, need to look at the bigger picture. Treating obesity effectively with these drugs can lead to a significant decrease in obesity-related health conditions like Type 2 Diabetes, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and hypertension. This not only will improve patient outcomes but can also lead to overall healthcare savings by reducing the incidence and severity of these expensive long-term conditions, thus costing insurance companies less in the long run. But will it really? We’ll diver deeper into the potential health impacts of these drugs later on, both the good and the bad.

Employer and Government Initiatives to Improve Access

When it comes to access, however, there's a silver lining. Recent surveys, as reported by CNN and Healthline, indicate that the number of employers intending to include obesity medications in their health plans is projected to nearly double by 2024. This is a promising trend, reflecting a growing recognition of the importance of treating obesity as a medical condition that can impact employee well-being and productivity.
However, there's a stark contrast when we look at government insurance programs like Medicare, which currently are legally prohibited from covering obesity treatments. This restriction is particularly concerning, given that Medicare covers adults 65 and older and low-income individuals, which is a demographic that could significantly benefit from access to these medications.
But hope is on the horizon with the Treat and Reduce Obesity Act. Congress members recently introduced legislation, such as this act, that if passed, allow Medicare Part D, the prescription drug coverage section, to cover anti-obesity medications, dramatically increasing access for a significant portion of the population. The New York Times and The Atlantic highlighted that the passage of this act could set a precedent for commercial insurers given that they often follow Medicare's lead in determining what treatments to cover, potentially leading to widespread changes in coverage policies for anti-obesity medications across the healthcare industry.
The Treat and Reduce Obesity Act represents a critical step towards a more comprehensive and equitable healthcare system. By addressing the coverage gap in Medicare, it acknowledges the complex nature of obesity and the need for medical interventions. This legislation's potential impact extends beyond just expanding access to medications; it signifies a shift in the healthcare paradigm, recognizing the importance of treating obesity as a chronic medical condition.

Segment 6: The Ripple Effect of GLP-1 Drugs

If society’s mindset towards obesity shifts and we begin treating it like an actual medical condition, we have to look not only at the health benefits but also at the potential ripple effects throughout the economy, especially among industries which have been powerhouses for decades.

Snacking/Fast Food Industry

Let’s begin with the snacking and fast food industries. For decades, the snacking and fast food industry has been a titan of the global economy. Companies like McDonalds and Krispy Kreme have become household names, tapping into our love for sugary drinks and fatty foods. Historically, this industry has shown resilience, weathering economic downturns and turbulent food trends. However, the emergence of GLP-1 drugs like Ozempic and Wegovy is presenting a unique challenge.
Here's the twist: these medications, designed for diabetes management and weight loss, are leading to reduced cravings and smaller appetites. Foods high in sugar and fat were the most avoided and according to a Morgan Stanley survey, those who took the medications consumed up to two-thirds less confections, sugary drinks and baked goods. This shift in consumer behavior is starting to reflect in the market. In early October, shares of Mondelez International, which produces Oreos and Ritz crackers, fell 7.7%, while PepsiCo and Hershey saw a similar slide. A report from The Wall Street Journal revealed that stocks for companies like Krispy Kreme began to fall in early November. However, the effect on fast food chains is small compared to what might happen to alcohol companies. In the same Morgan Stanley study, nearly a quarter of the participants said they gave up alcohol entirely, with 62% drinking less by some amount. The root cause? A decrease in the demand for high-calorie, sugary, or fatty foods. It's a trend that's turning the snacking and fast food industry on its head.
This industry has long thrived on the appeal of comfort food and the convenience of quick service. However, with more individuals using GLP-1 drugs, we're witnessing a redefinition of consumer preferences. People are now more inclined towards healthier options, aligning with their goals of weight management and overall well-being. This shift is not just a temporary blip; it's reshaping the fundamental dynamics of the industry.
Looking ahead, the snacking and fast food sector may need to adapt to this changing landscape. We could see a pivot towards healthier menu options, a focus on smaller portion sizes, and even a rebranding to align with the evolving health-conscious consumer base. Businesses that primarily sell just one type of food food or snack, such as M&Ms and Krispy Kreme, face a higher risk as they will find it more difficult to adjust their offerings. It's a challenging time for an industry that has long been a reliable staple of the global economy. The question now is, how will these companies innovate and reinvent themselves in the face of this unprecedented shift?

Fashion/Clothing Industry

The food industry is inextricably linked to the fashion and clothing industries, which will also face a seismic wave of change that could threaten to make entire business models obsolete and redefine entire market sectors.
In the realm of fashion, size has always been a topic of conversation and, sometimes, controversy. But the advent of GLP-1 drugs like Ozempic and Wegovy is bringing a new dimension to this conversation. As more individuals successfully manage their weight with these drugs, we're seeing a potential increase in demand for smaller-sized clothing. This shift could profoundly impact the fashion industry, which has been steadily moving towards inclusivity with a growing emphasis on plus sizes.
For years, the fashion industry has been expanding its plus-size offerings, responding to a global rise in average body sizes and a growing movement for body positivity and inclusivity. Brands like J.Crew, ASOS, and others have been lauded for their inclusive sizing. However, the success of GLP-1 drugs might see a reversal in this trend. These 2 opposing forces one day may have to go head to head against each other. The demand for smaller sizes could surge, leading to a significant shift in inventory and production strategies. Companies may try to determine whether providing more inclusive sizing or increasing the production of smaller sizes will lead to more sales while avoiding public backlash.
The fashion industry, known for its quick adaptation to trends, may find itself at the forefront of reflecting societal shifts in health and body image. It's a challenge, but also an opportunity for innovation and rebranding

Air Travel Industry

Let’s take a detour from food and fashion into the skies, where we can find the aviation industry as an example of one of the unexpected beneficiaries of the weight loss induced by these drugs.
For years, airlines have been meticulous about weight, constantly seeking ways to reduce it to save on fuel. From lighter seats to removing in-flight magazines, every ounce counts. Korean Air, South Korea’s flagship airline, even weighed its passengers during August and September to improve flight safety by determining the best airplane weight distribution and reducing fuel consumption.
Now, with the increasing popularity of GLP-1 drugs, there's an unanticipated factor in the mix – the decreasing weight of passengers. In an industry where every pound matters, the weight loss experienced by passengers using GLP-1 drugs could lead to substantial savings in fuel costs for airlines. It's simple : lighter planes require less fuel. United Airlines estimated that if its passengers collectively weighed around 10 pounds lighter, it would save approximately 27.6 million gallons of fuel annually. That translates to roughly $80 million in savings – a significant number in an industry where profit margins are often razor-thin.
Besides just saving money and fuel, airlines could also be able to carry more passengers or cargo, optimizing their operations even further. It's a domino effect – less fuel consumption means lower operating costs, which could potentially lead to more competitive airfares and increased profits.

Debate on whether these changes will be beneficial or detrimental

The sweeping changes to the three industries we discussed will be hard to predict and will undoubtedly affect the world in ways we could not have predicted, for better and for worse.
Food industry:
- For starters, in the food industry, particularly snacking and fast food, a decrease in demand for high-calorie, sugary, or fatty foods can lead to a healthier population. This shift could encourage these industries to innovate and offer healthier options, aligning with changing consumer preferences
- However, the potential decline in demand poses significant challenges. Established brands, which are such large employers, may face revenue losses, leading to job cuts and an economic downturn.
Fashion Industry:
- In fashion, the increasing demand for smaller sizes presents an opportunity for brands to cater to a broader demographic. This shift could lead to a more inclusive approach in fashion, celebrating health and wellness.
- On the flip side, this trend might lead to a decrease in demand for plus-size apparel, which has been a growing segment in recent years. Brands may need to reevaluate their inventory and design strategies, potentially disrupting the market and affecting employment in this sector.
Air travel:
- Regarding aviation, fuel savings are a clear benefit. Reduced fuel consumption not only lowers operational costs but also contributes to environmental sustainability, reducing the carbon footprint of air travel.
- The drawbacks here are less direct but still worth considering. The focus on passenger weight might lead to controversial policies or practices in the industry heavily focused around weight. If airplanes can carry more passengers, they could become even more cramped and uncomfortable. If lighter passenger weights leads to increased profits and more flights, it could inadvertently contribute to increased carbon emissions overall.
As we can see, the influence of GLP-1 drugs extends far beyond the individual, affecting various sectors in both positive and negative ways. These developments remind us that advancements in healthcare often have broader social and economic implications, necessitating a balanced and thoughtful approach. However, usage of these drugs will not only affect the general economy, but the healthcare system itself.

Segment 7: Healthcare Industry

The broader healthcare industry is a behemoth that is virtually impossible to change in any meaningful way despite immense pressure to do so. However, drugs like Ozempic may finally be the catalyst to reshape healthcare in ways never seen before.

Current Spending on Obesity-Related Health Issues

Obesity is more than a health issue; it's a significant economic burden. According to the Harvard Chan School of Public Health, the United States spends about $190 billion annually on obesity-related medical costs. This staggering figure accounts for nearly 21% of total healthcare expenditures.
But let's break it down further. The George Washington University’s Milken Institute School of Public Health reports that obesity costs the U.S. about $1.72 trillion each year, considering both direct medical costs and indirect costs like lost productivity.
On an individual level, a study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) found that people with obesity have medical costs that are, on average, $1,429 higher per year compared to those of normal weight
Within the U.S., Goldman Sachs estimates that average health spending for individuals diagnosed with obesity is about $12,588, compared to $4,699 for those without an obesity diagnosis. The disparity in out-of-pocket costs is also notable, with those diagnosed with obesity spending an average of $1,487 annually compared to $698 for those without an obesity diagnosis
Looking ahead, the cost implications of obesity are even more alarming. By 2035, obesity-related costs could balloon to a staggering $4 trillion globally if current trends continue. This underscores the urgency of finding effective solutions to manage and reduce obesity rates

Economic Implications for Healthcare

As we dive into the numbers, it’s crucial to understand the current stance of Medicare on obesity medication. Presently, Medicare, which provides health insurance to over 60 million adults over 65 and younger individuals with disabilities, does not cover drugs like Ozempic for weight loss. This is primarily because a 2003 act decreed that Medicare Part D excludes weight loss medications, along with drugs for fertility, cosmetics, and hair growth.
The absence of coverage under Medicare is a significant gap, especially considering that around 40% of Americans are considered obese and obesity rates among Medicare beneficiaries have been rising, reaching nearly 30% as per recent data. With the high cost of GLP-1 drugs, priced at about $16,000 per year, the lack of coverage puts a significant financial burden on patients.
On the other hand, Medicaid, a joint federal and state program that provides health insurance to those with limited income and resources and covers nearly 90 million Americans, is more flexible than Medicare, especially regarding prescription drugs, including those used for weight loss
Some states under Medicaid have already taken steps to provide coverage for anti-obesity medications. This approach aligns with the growing recognition of obesity as a complex health issue requiring medical intervention beyond just lifestyle changes
However, the inclusion of these drugs in Medicaid varies significantly from state to state. The decision to cover these medications often hinges on factors like budget constraints and the state’s healthcare priorities
"If Medicare Part D were to cover these drugs, the cost would be enormous. Just 10% of Medicare participants using these drugs could lead to an annual cost of about $26.8 billion, nearly a fifth of Part D’s spending in 2021."
The potential benefits in terms of health outcomes for a significant segment of the population are clear. However, the financial implications for these already strained public healthcare systems cannot be overlooked.

Medical Technology Sector and Dieting Industries

Within healthcare as a whole, two sectors may face face a significant shake-up due to these drugs: the medical technology sector and the dieting industry.
Recent developments in the field of anti-obesity drugs, particularly with Wegovy, have sent ripples through the medical technology sector. After a study highlighted Wegovy's role in reducing liver fat and the chance for heart attacks and strokes, companies manufacturing glucose-monitoring systems, sleep-apnea machines, and devices for treating fatty liver disease experienced a notable drop in their market value. Liver disease companies saw up to a ~25% drop in early July.
Consider the case of Intuitive Surgical, known for its minimally invasive da Vinci robots. The company has acknowledged a decline in demand for surgical procedures, as patients increasingly opt for pharmaceutical interventions over surgery. CFO Jamie Samath highlighted that patients are now weighing the option of drugs versus surgery, indicating a shift in patient preferences. For a sector that makes up to $40 billion in annual sales, those most impacted may be companies that specialize in treating conditions highly correlated with obesity, such as knee replacements and sleep apnea.
Companies like Inspire and Insulet, which produces insulin pumps, have seen a sharp decline in their shares. This may be a warning for how the future of the industry will look like once these drugs become more prevalent.
Now turning the dieting industry, companies like Herbalife, WeightWatchers, and Medifast are directly impacted by the rise of GLP-1 drugs. With the increasing popularity of these medications, traditional dieting approaches are being reevaluated. Morgan Stanley data reveals a decline from 29% to 20% in people subscribing to weight-loss programs once they start taking GLP-1 drugs. This shift is compelling weight-loss companies to rethink their business models, moving away from solely promoting diet and exercise.
WeightWatchers, along with the digital-based dieting platform Noom, have embraced this change. WeightWatchers acquired a drug-prescribing business called Sequence that connects healthcare providers with patients. On the other hand, companies like Herbalife have positioned themselves as alternatives to these drugs, with the company’s chief health and nutrition officer stating true change will require changing your lifestyle. He compared it to the development of LASIK surgery, where it was predicted optometrists would become obsolete, but their business only increased due to patients needed glasses after LASIK.
Wall Street's reaction has been telling – WeightWatchers' stock has soared, reflecting investor confidence in companies that integrate GLP-1 drugs into their offerings. Conversely, Herbalife has not experienced such heights, with its stock values falling by 1/3 since August 2023.

The Debate on Beneficial or Detrimental Impacts

We’ve talked about how GLP1 drugs will improve health outcomes for millions of Americans. There’s no denying that, especially for individuals battling obesity and related health issues. These medications offer a new lease on life for many, significantly reducing the risks associated with obesity, such as heart disease, diabetes, and stroke.
The preventive approach of these medications cause a decrease in the prevalence of these chronic conditions, helping alleviate the financial and resource burdens currently plaguing our healthcare system, leading to potentially lower healthcare costs in the long term.
However, the increasing popularity of these drugs raises questions about their long-term impact on the healthcare system. The high cost of GLP-1 medications, averaging around $16,000 per year, could lead to increased healthcare spending, especially if programs like Medicare Part D decide to cover these medications. There's the potential for a significant cost burden. For instance, if just 10% of Medicare participants with obesity took obesity drugs, the annual cost could soar to $26.8 billion, a substantial portion of Part D’s total spending.
The medical technology sector, particularly companies involved in manufacturing devices for obesity-related conditions, could face a downturn. As more patients opt for pharmaceutical solutions over surgical interventions, the demand for these devices might decrease.
In the dieting industry, traditional weight-loss programs are being reevaluated. Companies that fail to adapt to this new pharmaceutical era risk losing their market share. On the other hand, those embracing GLP-1 drugs are witnessing a surge in popularity and investor confidence.
This brings us to the crux of the debate. On one hand, GLP-1 drugs offer undeniable health benefits, potentially transforming the lives of millions battling obesity. On the other hand, their widespread adoption may lead to significant shifts in the healthcare economy, challenging the viability of certain medical technologies and prompting a reconfiguration of the dieting industry
The question we must ask is: Are we prepared for these changes? How do we balance the clear health benefits with the less obvious but equally significant economic and industrial consequences, along with any social ramifications.

Segment 8: Health Benefits and Societal Gaps

We’ve already discussed how anti-obesity drugs can reshape the economy and healthcare system, but a third area where they will play a massive role is societal health and lifestyle.

The Health Paradigm Shift

Let's start with the potential health benefits these drugs could bring to the general populace. GLP-1 drugs like Ozempic have shown remarkable efficacy in reducing appetite and increasing satiety. This change can lead to healthier eating habits, potentially reducing the incidence of obesity-related health issues. This isn't just about weight loss; it's about improving overall metabolic health and reducing risks associated with conditions like Type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease.
However, this blessing could easily turn into a curse. A false sense of security may form as people become overly reliant on these drugs to negate poor lifestyle choices. A similar example can be seen with statins, a group of medications introduced in the late 20th century that lower the amount of LDL (bad cholesterol) in blood. However, their introduction also led to an unintended consequence. Many patients started relying solely on statins, neglecting essential lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise. The belief that a pill could manage their cholesterol levels led to a complacency in addressing the root causes of their health issues. While deaths from cardiovascular conditions did fall, they fell short of expectations.
To avoid repeated history, it's crucial for healthcare providers to emphasize the importance of a holistic approach to health, where medication is just one part of the solution and not a magic bullet against obesity. Regular check-ups, nutritional counseling, and lifestyle coaching can help patients integrate these medications into a broader health management plan. By doing so, we can maximize the benefits of GLP-1 drugs while mitigating the risks of over-reliance and neglect of crucial lifestyle changes.

Exacerbating Societal Inequalities

Moreover, the high cost of these medications means they are more accessible to affluent individuals, effectively turning them into an exclusive privilege for the wealthy while the poor are left with fewer options. This disparity could create a visible divide where wealthier people, benefiting from these drugs, align more closely with traditional thin beauty standards, while those who can't afford such treatments are forced to go the traditional route of dieting and exercise. Such dynamics could deepen societal divisions, associating wealth with the ability to achieve certain health and body standards.
Even though there's been a significant shift towards body positivity and inclusivity in recent years that has challenged unrealistic beauty standards and reduced the stigma around being overweight, the widespread availability and popularity of GLP-1 drugs could undo all this progress.
As these drugs become synonymous with rapid and substantial weight loss, they might inadvertently reinforce the idea that being thin is inherently superior, especially if the upper class can use them as they wish to maintain a slim appearance. This shift could unravel the hard-won acceptance of diverse body types and reinforce a narrow, often unattainable beauty standard.

Segment 9: Ethical Considerations

With all the benefits and pitfalls that GLP-1 agonists might bring upon society, we must take a look at the ethical considerations of these drugs because they’re not just medical breakthroughs; they also pose critical moral problems that humanity must solve.

Addressing the Root Cause of Overweight and Obesity

GLP-1 drugs are celebrated for managing obesity symptoms, but are we really addressing the root cause of obesity with these drugs? Obesity is a multifaceted health issue, deeply rooted in a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. While GLP-1 drugs offer significant weight loss benefits, experts warn they do not tackle the underlying causes of obesity. These drugs work by curbing appetite and increasing satiety, but they don't directly address issues such as poor dietary habits, lack of physical activity, or the psychological aspects of eating disorders.
However, a different perspective has emerged, with some experts saying the brain determines how much fat its body will carry outside of that person’s control: obesity causes overeating and it’s not the patient’s fault. If this is true, then drugs like Zepbound dial back how much fat the brain chooses and eliminate obesity from where it originates.

Dependency and Habit Formation:

Now, regardless of whether or not anti-obesity drugs address the root cause of obesity, that doesn’t change the possibility that society will become dependent on them.
These drugs, by design, reduce appetite and increase feelings of fullness. This mechanism, while beneficial for weight loss, might lead some individuals to overly rely on the medication for managing their weight. Like our comparison with statins earlier, an ethical dilemma emerges: are we inadvertently encouraging a passive approach to health? By offering a pharmacological 'shortcut,' there's a risk that individuals might neglect the importance of healthy eating habits and regular physical activity. Such an overreliance on medication can undermine the broader goals of health and wellness.
Furthermore, we don’t know what happens when someone stops taking the drug without adopting healthier lifestyles. Are we setting them up for a rebound in weight or a worsening of metabolic health? All of these questions must be thoroughly studied now in order to fill in the gaps of our knowledge.

Side Effects and Long-term Risks

Relying on medications to curb obesity not only reduces the importance of maintaining a healthy lifestyle, but also might bring unwanted side effects.
So far, we know common side effects include gastrointestinal issues such as nausea, diarrhea, and constipation. These symptoms, although often mild and temporary, can significantly affect a patient's daily life and comfort.
More concerning, however, are the potential long-term health risks that might emerge. The long-term safety profile of GLP-1 drugs is still an area under active study. For instance, there have been questions raised about their impact on the pancreas, including the risk of pancreatitis, a serious and painful inflammation of the pancreas. Furthermore, the potential effects of these drugs on heart rate and kidney function are areas that warrant careful monitoring and further research.
This brings us to the ethical implications of prescribing drugs with potential long-term health risks, especially considering that the long-term data on these medications is still limited. As healthcare providers, there is a duty to balance the immediate benefits of weight loss against the unknowns of long-term use. It raises an ethical dilemma - how do we navigate this uncertainty while ensuring the best outcomes for our patients? How do we balance reducing obesity and any life-threatening conditions it causes with unknown and potentially severe side effects?

Implementation in Children and Adolescents:

Throughout today’s episode, we’ve focused on adults but it would not be complete without mentioning the implementation of GLP-1 agonists in children. The decision to prescribe these medications to younger individuals is filled with complex ethical implications, especially given their developing bodies and the potential long-term consequences.
Last January, the American Academy of Pediatrics updated their guidelines for treating childhood obesity for the first time in 15 years given the rise of childhood obesity rates to 20%, with 15 million children and teenagers suffering from the condition. A number of anti-obesity drugs have been approved for adolescents 12 and up, along with bariatric surgery in extreme cases.
The primary concern lies in the impact of these drugs on the developing bodies of children and adolescents. While adult bodies may respond to these medications in predictable ways, the same cannot be said for younger individuals whose bodies are still growing and changing. The potential long-term consequences on their physical development, hormonal balance, and overall health are not yet fully understood, making the decision to prescribe these drugs a matter of ethical scrutiny. Additionally, parents are concerned that their children must take these medications for many years or else they will gain their weight back.
It's also imperative to discuss the importance of informed consent and involving guardians in the decision-making process. For children and adolescents, the concept of informed consent becomes even more crucial, as they may not fully grasp the long-term implications of taking such medications. Parents and guardians, along with healthcare providers, must engage in transparent conversations about the risks, benefits, and alternatives to GLP-1 drug therapy.

Informed Consent and Patient Autonomy:

Let’s zoom out for a bit and discuss informed consent for a bit. Informed consent is more than just a formality; it's a cornerstone of ethical healthcare that empowers patients to make educated decisions about their healthcare. This is particularly crucial with GLP-1 drugs, given the nuances of their effects, potential side effects, and the long-term commitment they entail. Patients must be fully aware of what these medications can and cannot do, the risks they pose, and the alternatives available to them.
In the context of GLP-1 drugs, informed consent takes on added significance. For one, the portrayal of these drugs in media and popular culture can sometimes oversimplify or glamorize their effects. It's essential that healthcare providers cut through this noise, presenting a clear and accurate picture of the drugs' potential benefits and risks. This means discussing not just the possibility of weight loss or improved metabolic health but also the potential side effects and the importance of complementing medication with lifestyle changes.
Just as with younger patients, where guardians play a crucial role in informed decision-making, adult patients also deserve comprehensive information to guide their choices. This ensures that the decision to embark on a course of GLP-1 drugs is made with a full understanding of what it entails – a commitment to not just taking medication but potentially altering one's lifestyle and approach to health.

Ethical Marketing and Advertisement Practices:

Sometimes the media and marketing seems inescapable, especially when a product is being pushed forward as much as these drugs are. The way they are marketed not only influences consumer behavior but also shapes societal norms and perceptions about body image and health.
We've witnessed a surge in advertising spending for obesity and diabetes drugs, with reports indicating that from the beginning of 2023 till September, nearly $500 million was spent on such ads. One of the critical ethical issues in this realm is the portrayal of body image and weight loss. Advertisements for GLP-1 drugs, such as Ozempic and Wegovy, often feature slim and fit individuals, reinforcing a societal ideal that equates thinness with health and desirability.
The platforms used for these advertisements also play a significant role. Social media channels, for instance, have become hotbeds for weight-loss drug ads. Platforms like Instagram are rife with influencers and sponsored content promoting GLP-1 drugs, sometimes without adequate disclosure or medical context. This type of marketing, especially in spaces frequented by younger audiences, raises ethical concerns about the influence on impressionable minds to conform to certain body standards.
Another area of concern is the ethical responsibility of marketers in presenting these drugs. While it's crucial to inform potential users about the benefits of GLP-1 drugs, there's a fine line between informative advertising and promoting a drug as a quick-fix solution to complex health issues like obesity. Ethical marketing should prioritize accurate information, including potential side effects and the importance of a holistic approach to weight loss, which encompasses diet, exercise, and lifestyle changes.
Recently, companies like Ro have come under scrutiny for their subway ads promoting weight-loss drugs. These ads, often featuring catchy slogans and appealing visuals, can downplay the seriousness of obesity as a medical condition and oversimplify the treatment process. It's imperative that advertisements for GLP-1 drugs maintain a balance between attracting consumer interest and responsibly conveying the seriousness and complexity of obesity treatment.
As we conclude our exploration of GLP-1 drugs' ethical considerations, it's clear these medications present a complex ethical landscape. From addressing obesity's root causes to managing dependency risks and side effects, the responsibility lies in balancing medical efficacy with ethical integrity. Ethical marketing, informed consent, and patient autonomy are key. This discussion highlights the need for a considered approach in prescribing these drugs, ensuring decisions align with patients' best interests and overall health

Segment 10: Addiction Potential

GLP-1 Drugs and Behavioral Changes

Remarkably, GLP-1 drugs, primarily known for their impact on diabetes and weight loss, have shown intriguing effects on addictive behaviors. There's a growing body of anecdotal evidence suggesting that individuals on drugs like Ozempic experience a notable decrease in compulsive behaviors – from lessened urges to shop excessively to reduced nail-biting and even decreased alcohol consumption. But what's fascinating here is that these drugs don't necessarily reduce the feelings of pleasure associated with these activities. Instead, they appear to break the cycle of obsessive thoughts that often drive these compulsions
This phenomenon has caught the attention of the scientific community. Researchers are delving into how GLP-1 drugs interact with the brain's reward and addiction pathways. It seems these medications might be influencing the neurochemical circuits involved in addiction, offering a glimmer of hope for treating various compulsive behaviors. However, it's crucial to approach this with a dose of caution – we're still in the early stages of understanding these effects

Risk of Dependency on GLP-1 Drugs

But here's where we encounter another ethical conundrum. Suppose GLP-1 drugs are indeed effective in curbing addictive behaviors. In that case, there's a risk that users might develop a dependency on these medications. Imagine relying on a drug like Ozempic not just for weight management but also to keep other addictions at bay. This raises a significant ethical question – are we merely swapping one form of addiction for another?
The possibility of long-term reliance on these drugs, especially when used as a crutch to manage addictions, is a concern that cannot be ignored. We must consider the implications of prescribing a medication initially intended for diabetes and obesity management as a treatment for addiction. It's a delicate balancing act between the benefits of reduced compulsive behaviors and the risk of fostering a new dependency.

Conclusion

Ladies and gentlemen, as we conclude this comprehensive episode, it's time to reflect on the complex journey of Ozempic and its kin in the GLP-1 drug class. We've navigated through the fascinating medical breakthroughs these drugs represent in treating diabetes and obesity, witnessed their transformative impact on patient lives, and contemplated the broader implications they carry for society and healthcare.
We've explored the multifaceted world of these medications, from their role in managing diabetes to their newfound, accidental yet worldwide fame in weight loss. We've delved into the economic implications, the ethical debates, and the societal shifts they're driving. We've seen how these drugs are not just changing individual health outcomes but also reshaping entire industries and cultural norms.
But as we've discovered, the story of Ozempic and similar drugs is not without its complexities. While they offer significant health benefits, they also bring forth challenges and ethical considerations. From potential addiction and dependency to the impact on societal inequalities and healthcare costs, these drugs have sparked a crucial conversation about the future of medical treatment and health equity. Our health and the health of our society depend on a balanced approach that considers not just the immediate benefits of such medications, but their long-term implications as well
As we move forward, let us embrace both the potential and the challenges of these medical innovations. Let's be advocates for responsible use, informed choices, and equitable access. Let's continue to learn, to question, and to engage in meaningful dialogues about the future of healthcare
Thank you for joining me on this insightful exploration. Remember, the journey to better health and a deeper understanding of medical science is ongoing, and each one of us plays a part in it. Stay curious, stay informed, and most importantly, stay healthy. Until our next episode, take care.

People on this episode

Gustavo Franco

Host